Resources

Books

Avant, Deborah D.  The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security. Washington, DC: George Washington University, August 2005.

Berman, Eric G. and Katie E. Sams.  Peacekeeping in Africa: Capabilities and
Culpabilities. New York: United Nations Publication, 2000. 

Chesterman, Simon and Chia Lehnardt (ed.). From Mercenaries to Market: the Rise and Regulation of Private Military Companies. Oxford University Press, 2007.  Introduction available at: http://lsr.nellco.org/nyu/plltwp/papers/55/

Collins, Tim.  Rules of Engagement: A Life in Conflict. London: Headline Book Publishing, 2005.

Dickinson, Laura A.  Outsourcing War and Peace (Forthcoming 2007).

Drohan, Madelaine.  Making a Killing: How and Why Corporations Use Armed Force to Do Business. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, 2003.

Durch, William J, ed. UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil Wars
of the 1990s. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.

Howe, Herbert M.  Ambiguous Order: Military Forces in African States. Boulder, CO: Lynne
Rienner Publishers, Inc., 2005.

Krahmann, Elke (ed.).  New Threats and New Actors in International Society. New York/Houndmills, Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

Kuperman, Alan J. The Limits of Humanitarian Intervention: Genocide in Rwanda. Washington, DC: 
The Brookings Institution, 2001. 

Mandel, Robert.  Armies without States. The Privatization of Security. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishing, Inc., 2002.

Pelton, Robert Young.  Licensed to Kill: Privatizing the War on Terror. New York: Three Rivers Press, August 2006.

Pelton, Robert Young. Three Worlds Gone Mad: Dangerous Journeys through the War Zones of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press, August 2006.

Rodengen, Jeffrey L. and Richard T. Hubbard.  The Legend of the Titan Corporation. Ft. Lauderdale: Write Stuff Syndicate, 2002.

Rasor, Dina and Robert Bauman.  Betraying Our Troops: the Destructive Results of Privatizing War.  New York/Oxford: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

Scahill, Jeremy. Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army. New York: Nation Books. February 2007.

Shearer, David.  Private Armies and Military Intervention. New York/Oxford: RoutledgeFalmer, April 1998.

Singer, Peter W.  Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry.  Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, March 2004.

Sitkowski, Andrzej.  UN Peacekeeping: Myth and Reality. Portsmouth, NH: Praeger Security
International General Interest, 2006. 

Spicer, Tim.  An Unorthodox Soldier.  Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing,  2000.

Federal Statutes

Anti-Torture statute: 18 U.S.C. 2340-40B (2004).  Available at: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sup_01_18_10_I_20_113C.html 

Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act (MEJA), 18 U.S.C. 3261-7 (2004).  Available at: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00003267----000-.html and its Amendment in Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for FY 2005, Public Law No. 108-375, Section 1081, 118 Stat. 1811 (2004), available at: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:h.r.04200:

Special Maritime and Territorial Jurisdiction (SMTJ), 18 U.S.C. 7 (2001).  Available at: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00000007----000-.html and its Amendment in U.S.A. Patriot Act, Public Law 107-56, Section 804, 115 Stat. 377 (2001), available at: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d107:h.r.03162:

Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. 801-956 (2006).  Available at: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode10/usc_sup_01_10_10_A_20_II_30_47.html and its Amendment in the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, Public Law No. 109-364, Section 552, 120 Stat. 2083 (2006), available at: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.05122:

War Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. 2441 (2006).  Available at: http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00002441----000-.html

Relevant Foreign Law

Coalition Provisional Authority Memorandum Number 17. Registration Requirements for Private Security Companies (PSC). CPA/MEM/17, June 26, 2004, available at http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/20040626_CPAMEMO_17_Registration_Requirements_for_
Private_Security_Companies_with_Annexes.pdf

Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 17. Status of the Coaltion Provisional Authority, MNF-Iraq, Certain Missions and Personnel in Iraq. CPA/ORD/17, June 27, 2004, available at http://www.cpa-iraq.org/regulations/20040627_CPAORD_17_Status_of_Coalition__Rev__with_Annex_A.pdf 

Congressional and Legislative Materials

U.S. Congress. House. Transparency and Accountability in Security Contracting Act of 2007. HR 369. 110th Congress, 1st session, available at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h369ih.txt.pdf 

U.S. Congress. House. MEJA Expansion Act of 2007. HR 2740. 100th Congress, 1st session, available at: http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:h2740eh.txt.pdf  

U.S. Congress. Senate. Security Contractor Accountability Acto fo 2007. S 2147. 110th Congress, 1st session, available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_cong_bills&docid=f:s2147is.txt.pdf 

U.S. Congress. House. United Nations Rapid Deployment Police and Security Force Act of 2000. HR 4453. 106th Congress, 2nd sesssion, available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=106_cong_bills&docid=f:h4453ih.txt.pdf 

U.S. Congress. House. United Nations Rapid Deployment Act of 2001. HR 938. 107th Congress, 1st session. available at http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=107_cong_bills&docid=f:h938ih.txt.pdf

Federal Rules, Regulations, and Administrative Materials

United States Department of Defense. Department of the Army. Contractors on the Battlefield. FM 3-100-21, January 3, 2003, available at http://www.osc.army.mil/gc/files/fm3_100x21.pdf 

United States Department of Defense. Department of the Army. Contracting Support on the Battlefield. FM 100-10-2, August 4, 1999, available at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/100-10-2/index.html  

United States Department of Defense. Contractor Personnel Authorized to Accompany the U.S. Armed Forces. Department of Defense Instruction 3020.41, October 3, 2005, available at: http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/html/302041.htm

Department of Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation System (DFARS/ DARS) available at: http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/dars/ 

Robert E. Reed, Assistant Deputy General Counsel, Department of Defense. Developments in UCMJ Jurisdiction. Slideshow, June 22, 2007, available at: http://www.militarylawsection.com/documents/UCMJJurisdiction.ppt#256,1,Developments%20in%20UCMJ%20Jurisdiction

United States Department of Defense. Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Technology and Logistics. Contracting Pricing Reference Guide. Available at  http://www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/contractpricing/chap-index.htm

Memo from Jack Bell, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Logistics and Materiel Readiness) and Jeanne B. Fites, Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Program Integration). Designation of Synchronized Predepoloyment and Operational Tracker (SPOT) as Central Repository for Information on Contractors Deploying with the Forces (CDF). January 25, 2007, available at http://www.aschq.army.mil/gc/Designation%20of%20SPOT%20as%20CDF.pdf 

United States Department of Defense. Synchronized Predeployment and Operational Tracker (SPOT). Available at: http://www.defenselink.mil/bta/products/spot.html 

United States Central Command (USCENTCOM). Rules for the Use of Force by Contracted Security in Iraq. Rev. 4, Setpember 25, 2005. See Appendix II in http://ipoaonline.org/en/gov/ipoa-shays.pdf

Industry Standards and Materials

British Association of Private Security Companies, Charter. Available at:
http://www.bapsc.org.uk/key_documents-charter.asp

International Peace Operations Association, Code of Conduct. Available at: http://ipoaonline.org/php/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=100&Itemid=109

Private Security Company Association of Iraq, Regulations. Available at: 
http://www.pscai.org/pscreg.html 

The South Easterm and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons.The Sarajevo Code of Conduct for Private Security Companies. 2006. Available at: http://www.seesac.org/reports/Code%20of%20conduct.pdf

Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights. Available at: http://www.voluntaryprinciples.org/principles/private.php 

Law Review Articles and Other Reports

Brooks, Doug and Jim Shevlin. “Reconsidering Battlefield Contractors”. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs (Summer/Fall 2005).

Camm, Frank and Victoria Greenfield.  "How Should the Army Use Contractors on the Battlefield?  Assessing Comparative Risk in Sourcing Decisions." Santa Monica, CA: Rand Arroyo Center, 2005.  Available at: http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG296/

Cleaver, Gerry. “Subcontracting Military Power: The Privatization of Security in
Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa.” Crime, Law and Social Change 33, no. 1-2 (2000): 131-149.

Desai, Deven R., “Have Your Cake and Eat it Too: A Proposal for a Layered Approach to Regulating Private Military Companies.” University of San Francisco Law Review 39 (Summer 2005). Available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=893857

Elesa, Jeniifer K. and Nina M. Serafino.  "Private Security Contractors in Iraq: Background, Legal Status, and Other Issues." Congressional Research Service,  2004 version available at: http://www.opencrs.com/rpts/RL32419_20040528.pdf 
Updated 2007 version (unauthorized by the CRS) available at: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32419.pdf

Fallon, Andrew D., and Theresa A. Keene. “Closing the Legal Loophole? Practical Implications of the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000.” Air Force Law Review 51 (2001).

Giardino, Anthony E. "Using Extraterritorial Jurisdiction to Prosecute Violations of the Law of War: Looking Beyond the War Crimes Act." Boston College Law Review 48, no. 3 (May 2007): 699 -738. Available at http://www.bc.edu/schools/law/lawreviews/bclawreview/meta-elements/pdf/48_3/04_giardino.pdf 

Hallo de Wolf, Antenor. “Modern Condottieri in Iraq: Privatizing War from the Perspective of International and Human Rights Law.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 13, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 315-356. 

Hemingway, Tom. "Outsourcing of War: the Role of Contractors on the Battlefield."  Humanitäres Völkerrecht 19, no. 2 (2006): 129-132.

Howe, Herbert M. “Private Security Forces and African Stability: The Case of Executive Outcomes.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 36, No. 2 (June 1998): 307-331. Available at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=17481 

National Defense University. Industrial College of the Armed Forces. Industry Study Final Report: Private Military Operations. (2006).  Available at: http://www.ndu.edu/icaf/industry/reports/2006/pdf/2006_PMOIS.pdf   

Khan, Irene. “Taking Stock: Corporate Social Responsibility and Human Rights.”
Statement delivered at “Public Eye on Davos.” 24 January 2003, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/88b185f3-a504-11dc-a92d-271514ed133d/ior500032003en.pdf 

Krahmann, Elke. “Regulation Private Military Companies: What Role for the EU?”
Contemporary Security Policy 26, no. 1 (April 2005): 103-125. Available at http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/csp/2005/00000026/00000001/art00006 

Lee, Simon W. “Making a Killing on the Battlefield: Private Military Companies and their Status Under International Law.” Paper submitted for the Francis Lieber Prize, 2007.

Logan, Ryan P. “The Detainee Treatment Act of 2005: Embodying U.S. Values to Eliminate Detainee Abuse by Civilian Contractors and Bounty Hunters in Afghanistan and Iraq.” Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law 39 (November 2006).

Mancini, Francesco. “In Good Company? The Role of Business in Security Sector
Reform.” New York: The International Peace Academy, 2005.

Maninger, Stephan. "Soldiers of Misfortune – Is the Demise of National Armies a Core Contributing Factor in the Rise of Private Security Companies?" In Private Security and Military Companies: Chances, Problems, Pitfalls and Prospects, edited by Gerhard Kümmel and Thomas Jäger, 69-86. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2007.

McCormick Tribune Conference Series.  Understanding the Privatization of National Security. Chicago: McCormick Tribune Foundation, 2006.  Available at: http://www.mccormicktribune.org/publications/privatization2006.pdf

McKenna, Long, & Aldridge LLP.  “Civilians Accompanying Forces in the Field Now Subject to U.S. Military Justice”.  Government Contracts Advisory  V, no. 5 (January 29, 2007).  Available at: http://www.mckennalong.com/attachment/499/GC%20Advisory%201-29-07%20UCMJ%20Jurisdiction.pdf

Percy, Sarah.  “Domestic Regulation in the United States, South Africa, and the United Kingdom.” International Institute for Strategic Studies Adelphi Paper Series, Regulating the Private Security Industry, 2006.  Available at:  http://www.iiss.org/publications/adelphi-papers/2006-adelphi-papers/ap-384-regulating-private-security-industry

Perrin, Benjamin.  "Promoting Compliance of Private Security and Military Companies with International Humanitarian Law." International Reveiw of the Red Cross 88, no. 863 (September 2006): 613-636.  Available at: http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=971964

Peters, William. C. “On Law, Wars, and Mercenaries: The Case for Courts-Martial Jurisdiction over Civilian Contractor Misconduct in Iraq.” Brigham Young University Law Review Rev. 367 (2006).

Rakowsky, Kateryna L. “Military Contractors and Civil Liability: Use of the Government Contractor Defense to Escape Allegations of Misconduct in Iraq and Afghanistan.” Stanford Journal of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties II, no. 2 (August 2006): 111-145. Available at http://sjcrcl.stanford.edu/drafts/Rakowsky.pdf 

Richards, Anna and Henry Smith. “Addressing the Role of Private Security Companies
Within Security Sector Reform Programmes.” London: Saferworld, January 2007. AVailable at http://www.saferworld.org.uk/images/pubdocs/PSC_%20report.pdf

Schmitt, Glenn R. “Closing the Gap in Criminal Jurisdiction Over Civilians Accompanying the Armed Forces Abroad – A First Person Account  of the Creation of the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000.” Catholic University Law Review 51, Rev. 55 (Fall, 2001): 60-72.

Schmitt, Glenn R. “Amending the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act of 2000: Rushing to Close an Unforeseen Loophole.” Army Lawyer, June 2005.

Schooner, Steven L. "Contractor Atrocities at Abu Ghraib: Compromised Accountability in a Streamlined, Outsourced Government". Stanford Law & Policy Review 16 (2005): 549. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=605367

Schreier, Fred and Marina Caparini. "Privatising Security: Law, Practice and Governance of Private Military and Security Companies." The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, DCAF Occasional Paper 6, March 2005.  Available at: http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/military/0305privatisingsecurity.pdf

Shearer, David. “Outsourcing War.” Foreign Policy, (Fall 1998): 68-81. Available at http://www.foreignpolicy.com/Ning/archive/archive/112/outsourcingwar.pdf 

Sifton, John. “United States Military and Central Intelligence Agency Personnel Abroad: Plugging the Prosecutorial Gaps.” Harvard Journal of Legislation 43 (Summer 2006): 487-516. Available at http://www.law.harvard.edu/students/orgs/jol/vol43_2/sifton.pdf 

Singer, P.W.  “War, Profits, and the Vacuum of Law: Privatized Military Firms and International Law”.  Columbia Journal of Transnational Law  42, no. 2 (Spring 2004): 521-549.  Available at: http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/fellows/singer20040122.htm

Singer, P.W., “Humanitarian Principles, Private Military Agents: Some Implications of the Privatized Military Industry for the Humanitarian Community.” In Resetting the Rules of Engagement: Trends and Issues in Military-Humanitarian Relations, edited by Victoria Wheeler and Adele Harmer. London, UK: Overseas Development Institute, Humanitarian Policy Group Report 21, March 2006. Available at http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2006/02defenseindustry_singer.aspx 

Solis, William, Director Defense Capabilities and Management, United States Government Accountability Office, Testimony Before the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations, Committee on Government Reform, June 13, 2006, GAO-06-865T, available at http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06865t.pdf

Stein, Frederick, A. “Have We Closed the Barn Door Yet? A Look at the Current Loopholes in the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act.” Houston Journal of International Law 27, no. 3 (Spring 2005): 579-608. 

Trewhitt, Philip. The Business of Killing. London: The Parliamentary Human Rights Group,  July 1999.

Uttley, Matthew.  “Contractors on Deployed Military Operations: United Kingdom Policy and Doctrine”. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute Report, September 2005.  Available at: http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB624.pdf

Waits, K. Elizabeth. “Avoiding the ‘Legal Bermuda Triangle’: The Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act’s Unprecedented Expansion of U.S. Criminal Jurisdiction Over Foreign Nationals.” Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law 23, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 493-542. Available at http://www.law.arizona.edu/journals/ajicl/AJICL2006/vol232/Waits%20note.pdf 

Wallwork, Richard D. “Operational Implications of Private Military Companies in the Global War on Terror.” Fort Leavenworth, KS: United States Army Command and General Staff College, 2 January 2005.

Relevant News Articles

Agence France Presse. “Gates mulls central authority over Iraq security contractors,” October 17, 2007, spacewar.com, available at http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Gates_mulls_central_authority_over_
Iraq_security_contractors_999.html.

Agence France Presse. “Gates wants Iraq private security under military control: report,” October 18, 2007, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_kmafp/is_200710/ai_n21043705.

Agence France Presse. “Iraqi families sue Blackwater in US,” Agence France Presse, October 11, 2007, available at http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hNCucxIHPEmi7rLj1g4mtZkXJNrg.

“Allow prosecution of Blackwater guards,” Miami Herald, November 19, 2007.

Apuzzo, Matt, Associated Press. “Blackwater Grand Jury Hears 2 Witnesses,” Washington Post, November 29, 2007.

Apuzzo, Matt and Lara Jakes Jordan, Associated Press. “Blackwater Probe Narrows Focus to Guards,” Washington Post,December 8, 2007.

Associated Press. “Blackwater: Fallujah Deaths Unavoidable,” New York Times, October 24, 2007.

Associated Press. “Blackwater Lawsuit Over U.S. Security Contractors Killed in Iraq Headed for Private Arbitration,” International Herald Tribune, May 25, 2007, available at http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/26/america/NA-GEN-US-Iraq-Contractor-Deaths.php.

Associated Press. “Blackwater resumes limited escorts,” Los Angeles Times, September 21, 2007. 

Associated Press. “Blackwater Witness Returns to Grand Jury,” Washington Post, December 4, 2007.

Associated Press. “Recommendations for Contractors in Iraq,” October 23, 2007, boston.com, available at http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/10/23/
recommendations_for_contractors_in_iraq/.

Associated Press. “Rights Group Sues Blackwater,” Washington Post, December 19, 2007.

Associated Press. “Under Fire, State Dept. Watchdog Quits,” New York Times, December 8, 2007.

Associated Press. “Who's Who in Blackwater Probe,” Washington Post, November 26, 2007.

Barnes, Julian E. “America's own unlawful combatants? Using private guards in Iraq could expose the U.S. to accusations of treaty violations, some experts think,” Los Angeles Times, October 15, 2007.

Baron, Kevin. The Center for Public Integrity, Investigative Journalism in the Public Interest. “Zapata Engineering,” available at http://www.publicintegrity.org/wow/bio.aspx?act=pro&ddlC=83.

Barstow, David. “The Struggle for Iraq: The Contractors; Security Firm Says Its Workers Were Lured into Iraqi Ambush,” New York Times, April 9, 2004.

Benjamin, Mark. “No Justice for All,” Salon.com, April 14, 2006, available at http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/04/14/contractor/index.html?source=email.

Benjamin, Mark and Michael Scherer. “‘Big Steve’ and Abu Ghraib,” Salon.com, March 31, 2006, available at http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2006/03/31/big_steve/index.html?source=email.

Bennett, Brian. “America’s Other Army,” Time, October 18, 2007.

Bennett, Brian. “Victims of an Outsourced War,” Time, March 15, 2007.

Berthelsen, Christian. “Security crews ponder future in Iraq: Several private contractors say that losing legal immunity wouldn't drive them from their high-paying jobs,” Los Angeles Times, December 2, 2007.

Berthelsen, Christian and Raheem Salman. “Iraqi witnesses discuss Blackwater shooting: Some of those interviewed in an FBI inquiry reveal details of the incident and say the agents are focused on whether the security guards were fired upon first,” Los Angeles Times, October 31, 2007.

 “Blackwater and the business of war: The contractors' woes show the perils of applying the corporate model to managing national security,” Los Angeles Times, September 30, 2007.

“Blackwater Waves: The private security firm has made plenty of enemies in Iraq and in Washington,” Washington Post, October 2, 2007.

“Blackwater's Backwash,” Wall Street Journal, October 5, 2007. 

“Blackwater's impunity: Neither Iraqi nor U.S. laws apply to its contractors, so a controversial shooting may go unpunished,” Los Angeles Times, November 9, 2007.

“Blackwater’s Rich Contracts,” New York Times, October 3, 2007. 

Boot, Max. “Accept the Blackwater mercenaries: Contractors are a fact of war, but they need stronger oversight,” Los Angeles Times, October 3, 2007.

Branigin, William. “Blackwater Chairman Defends Staff in Iraq Shooting: Security Firm's Founder Pledges to 'Cooperate Fully' With FBI Investigation,” Washington Post, October 2, 2007.

Bridges, Tyler. “Hired guns shrug off war risks for payday,” Miami Herald, August 1, 2007.

Broder, John M. “Chief of Blackwater Defends His Employees,” New York Times, October 3, 2007.

Broder, John M. “Ex-Paratrooper Is Suspect in a Blackwater Killing,” New York Times, October 4, 2007.

Broder, John M. “Report Says Firm Sought to Cover Up Iraq Shootings,” New York Times, October 2, 2007.

Broder, John M. “Rice Says ‘Hole’ in U.S. Law Shields Contractors in Iraq,” New York Times, October 26, 2007.

Broder, John M. and Brian Knowlton. “Blackwater Chief Faces House Panel,” New York Times, October 2, 2007.

Broder, John M. and David Johnston. “U.S. Military Will Supervise Iraq Security Firms,” New York Times, October 31, 2007.

Broder, John M. and David Rohde. “Use of Contractors by State Dept. Has Soared,” New York Times, October 24, 2007.

Broder, John M. and James Risen. “Armed Guards in Iraq Occupy a Legal Limbo,” New York Times, September 20, 2007.

Broder, John M. and James Risen. “Blackwater Mounts a Defense With Top Washington Talent,” New York Times, November 1, 2007.

Broder, John M. and James Risen. “Blackwater Tops All Firms in Iraq in Shooting Rate,” New York Times, September 27, 2007.

Broder, John M. and James Risen. “Shootings by Blackwater Exceed Other Firms in Iraq,” New York Times, September 27, 2007.

Brooks, Doug. “Help for Beleaguered Peacekeepers,” Washington Post, June 2,

2003, p. A17.

Brooks, Doug. “A new Twist on a long Military Tradition,” Boston Globe October 19, 2003.

Buckley, Cara. “43 in Contractor’s Convoy Held After Baghdad Shooting,” New York Times, November 20, 2007.

Burns, John F. “The Deadly Game of Private Security,” New York Times, September 23, 2007.

Burns, Robert, Associated Press. “Gates Unhappy with Contractor Oversight,” Washington Post, September 26, 2007.

Canon, Scott. “Contractors play big role in Iraq war,” Kansas City Star, September 22, 2007.

Carroll, James. “Outsourcing intelligence,” Boston Globe, August 27, 2007.

Chivers, C.J. “The Reach of War; Contractor’s Boss in Iraq Shot at Civilians, Workers’ Suit Says,” New York Times, November 17, 2006.

Cole, August. “Next Test for Blackwater: Can Firm Get New Pentagon Work After Iraq Incident?” Wall Street Journal, November 13, 2007.

Cole, August. “Official's Recusal Is New Twist In Blackwater Inquiry: Hearing Is Roiled As Brother's Link To Firm Is Revealed,” Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2007.

Cole, August. “U.S. Boosts Oversight Of Security Contractors,” Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2007.

Cole, August and Andy Pasztor. “Democrats Seek Removal of State's Inspector General As Firm Remains Defiant,” Wall Street Journal, November 16, 2007.

Cole, August and Evan Perez. “Blackwater Is Put on the Hot Seat: Congress Summons Chief To Defend Force in Iraq; FBI Joins Shooting Probe,” Wall Street Journal, October 2, 2007.

Cole, August and Neil King Jr. “Blackwater Furor May Alter Way: U.S. Contractors in Iraq Do Business,” Wall Street Journal, October 3, 2007.

Cowen, Tyler. “To Know Contractors, Know Government,” New York Times, October 28, 2007.

Cray, Carlie. “Meet the War Profiteers,” Multinational Monitor, Vol. 27, No. 6,

November/December 2006, available at http://www.multinationalmonitor.org/mm2006/112006/cray.html.

Dagher, Sam. “In contractors' shootings, Iraqis search for justice: The US Embassy in Iraq is now offering to pay relatives of those killed in a shooting involving Blackwater USA,” Christian Science Monitor, October 25, 2007.

Daskal, Jennifer. “Blackwater in Baghdad: "It was a horror movie"; New testimony from witnesses and victims provides the most in-depth, harrowing account to date of the U.S. security firm's deadly rampage in Iraq,” Salon.com, December 14, 2007, available at http://www.salon.com/opinion/feature/2007/12/14/blackwater/.

DeYoung, Karen. “Blackwater Chief Defends Firm: Former Seal Calls Allegations Against Employees 'Baseless,'” Washington Post, October 3, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “Contractors' Actions Labeled Unjustified: FBI Probe Continues in Blackwater Case,” Washington Post, November 15, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “Federal Guards to Protect Agents in Blackwater Investigation,” Washington Post, October 4, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “Immunity Jeopardizes Iraq Probe: Guards' Statements Cannot Be Used in Blackwater Case,” Washington Post, October 30, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “On Hill, Rice Talks About Blackwater: Secretary Notes Regret but Defends Efforts,” Washington Post, October 26, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “Other Killings By Blackwater Staff Detailed: State Dept. Papers Tell of Coverup,” Washington Post, October 2, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “Security Firms in Iraq Face New Rules: Rice Convened Group After Blackwater's Sept. 16 Gun Battle,” Washington Post, October 24, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “Senior Democrats Want Blackwater Case Details,” Washington Post, October 31, 2007.

DeYoung, Karen. “State Dept. Contractors In Iraq Are Reined In: Military to Receive Notice of Operations,” Washington Post, December 6, 2007.

Dowd, Maureen. “Sinking in a Swamp Full of Blackwater,” New York Times, October 3, 2007.

Dreazen, Yochi J. “New Scrutiny for Iraq Contractors,” Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2007, p. A4.

Dunnigan, James. “Blackwater Buys Brazilian Bombers,” StrategyPage.com, September 4, 2007, available at http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/200794213117.asp.

Elliott, Philip, Associated Press. “Edwards: Limit Private Security Firm,” Washington Post, October 2, 2007.

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Fainaru, Steve. “Guards in Iraq Cite Frequent Shootings: Companies Seldom Report Incidents, U.S. Officials Say,” Washington Post, October 3, 2007.

Fainaru, Steve. “How Blackwater Sniper Fire Felled 3 Iraqi Guards: Witnesses Call Shooting From Justice Ministry Unprovoked, But State Dept. Cleared Its Security Team After a Brief Probe,” Washington Post, November 8, 2007.

Fainaru, Steve. “Iraq Contractors Face Growing Parallel War,” Washington Post, June 16, 2007.

Fainaru, Steve. “Iraqis Detail Shooting by Guard Firm: Same Company Involved In Fatal October Incident,” Washington Post, November 26, 2007.

Fainaru, Steve. “Security Costs Soaring,” Houston Chronicle, August 12, 2007.

Fainaru, Steve. “Warnings Unheeded On Guards In Iraq: Despite Shootings, Security Companies Expanded Presence” Washington Post, December 24, 2007.

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Fainaru, Steve and Alec Klein. “In Iraq, a Private Realm of Intelligence-Gathering,” Washington Post, July 1, 2007.

Fainaru, Steve and Carol D. Leonnig. “Grand Jury to Probe Shootings by Guards: Blackwater Among Contractors Facing Scrutiny,” Washington Post, November 20, 2007.

Fainaru, Steve and Sudarsan Raghavan. “Blackwater Faced Bedlam, Embassy Finds,” Washington Post, September 28, 2007.

Feuer, Alan. “For an Iraq Contractor, Duty, and Then Death,” New York Times, August 8, 2007. 

Finer, Jonathan. “Contractors Cleared in Videotaped Attacks,” Washington Post, June 11, 2006.

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Gearan, Anne, Associated Press. “Blackwater Likely to Be Cut Out of Iraq,” October 19, 2007.

Glanz, James. “Iraq Plans to Confront Security Firms on Guns,” New York Times, November 8, 2007.

Glanz, James. “Security Guard Fires From Convoy, Killing Iraqi Driver,” New York Times, November 12, 2007.

Glanz, James and Alissa J. Rubin. “From Errand to Fatal Shot to Hail of Fire to 17 Deaths,” New York Times, October 3, 2007.

Glanz, James and Sabrina Tavernise. “Blackwater Shooting Scene Was Chaotic,” New York Times, September 28, 2007.

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Hedgpeth, Dana. “Bill Calls for Contractors To Exit Iraq: 800 Armed Guards Would Leave Within Six Months,” Washington Post, November 8, 2007.

Hedgpeth, Dana. “U.S. Uncovers Iraq Bribe Case,” Washington Post, August 22, 2007. 

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Ivanovich, David. “Information Incomplete on Contractors in Iraq,” Houston Chronicle, August 9, 2007.

Jackman, Tom. “U.S. Contractor Fired on Iraqi Vehicles for Sport, Suit Alleges,” Washington Post, November 17, 2006.

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Johnston, David. “Immunity Deals Offered to Blackwater Guards,” New York Times, October 30, 2007.

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Jordan, Lara Jakes. Associated Press. “Charges Uncertain in Blackwater Inquiry.” Washington Post,November 14, 2007.

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Jordan, Lara Jakes. Associated Press, “Judge Allows Abuse Lawsuit Against Firm,” Washington Post, November 6, 2007.

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Juhi, Bushra, Associated Press. “Dozens Detained After Baghdad Shooting,” Washington Post, November 20, 2007.

Karouny, Mariam and Waleed Ibrahim, Reuters. “Iraq warns foreign security firms after shooting,” Washington Post, November 20, 2007.

Kessler, Glenn. “State Dept. Inspector General Agrees To Recuse Himself From Key Probes,” Washington Post, November 15, 2007.

Kimberlin, Joanne. “Others not so neighborly to Blackwater as North Carolina,” Virginian-Pilot, August 26, 2007, available at http://hamptonroads.com/node/316981.

King, Neil Jr. and August Cole. “Few Alternatives to Blackwater: U.S. Weighs Security-Firm Change Amid Political Fallout in Iraq,” Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2007.

Klein, Alec. “For Security in Iraq, a Turn to British Know-How,” Washington Post, August 24, 2007. 

Knickerbocker, Brad. “A legal danger zone for Blackwater,” Christian Science Monitor, September 21, 2007.

Lanigan, Kevin and Jennifer Daskal. “Hold private security companies accountable,” Asbury Park Press, October 4, 2007, available at http://www.app.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071004/OPINION/710040487/1030

Lardner, Richard, Associated Press. “180,000 Private Contractors Flood Iraq,” Washington Post, September 19, 2007.

Lardner, Richard, Associated Press. “Blackwater Hires PR Giant in Image Seige,” Washington Post, October 5, 2007.

Lardner, Richard, Associated Press. “Blackwater Probe Stifled by Conflicts,” Washington Post, November 26, 2007.

Lardner, Richard, Associated Press. “State IG's Brother Quits Blackwater,” Washington Post, November 17, 2007.

Lederer, Edith M., Associated Press. “UN Expert to Probe Killings by US Troops,” Washington Post, October 27, 2007.

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Milbank, Dana. “The Man From Blackwater, Shooting From the Lip,” Washington Post, October 3, 2007.

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Miller, Christian T. “Iraq: U.S. Marines Detained 19 Security Contractors,” Los Angeles Times, June 8, 2005.

Miller, Christian T. “Private Contractors Outnumber U.S. Troops in Iraq,” Los Angeles Times, July 4, 2007. 

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Neff, Joseph, McClatchy Newspapers. “Memos Blame Blackwater Ambush on Orders to Leave Unprepared,” Virginian-Pilot, July 8, 2007, available at http://content.hamptonroads.com/story.cfm?story=128054&ran=151153.

O’Hanlon, Ray. “Botched Investigation? U.S. Clears Iraq Shooters but Were Key Witnesses Ignored?” Irish Echo, June 14-20, 2006, available at http://www.irishecho.com/newspaper/story.cfm?id=17970.

O'Harrow, Robert Jr. “Blackwater Contracts, Short on Detail,” Washington Post, December 8, 2007.

O'Harrow, Robert Jr. and Dana Hedgpeth. “Building Blackwater: Founder Seeks 'Better, Smarter, Faster' Security As History, Iraq Shape the Firm's Fortunes,” Washington Post, October 13, 2007. 

“On the shores of Blackwater: From a distance, Blackwater points to issues of accountability and US dependence on private security,” Christian Science Monitor, October 15, 2007.

Paley, Amit R. “Iraq Moves to Repeal Immunity for Guards,” Washington Post, October 31, 2007.

Parker, Laura. “What exactly happened that day in Fallujah?” USA Today, June 10, 2007. 

Parker, Ned and Raheem Salman. “Blackwater under scrutiny in Iraq,” Los Angeles

Times, September 21, 2007.

Parsons, Claudia, Reuters. “U.N. expert wants to probe Iraq contractor killings,” Washington Post, October 26, 2007.

Partlow, Joshua and Zaid Sabah. “U.S. Security Firm Involved In Shooting of Iraqi Driver,” Washington Post, November 12, 2007.

Pexton, Patrick B. “Gold-Plated Rambos,” Washington Post, October 2, 2007.

Phinney, David. “Marines Jail Contractors In Iraq,” CorpWatch.org, June 7, 2005, available at http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=12349.

Pincus, Walter. “Conferees Want Hard Look at Contractors,” Washington Post, December 17, 2007.

Pincus, Walter. “Contractors in Iraq Have Become U.S. Crutch,” Washington Post, August 20, 2007. 

Pincus, Walter. “Defense Agency Proposes Outsourcing More Spying,” Washington Post, August 19, 2007. 

Pincus, Walter. “U.S. Pays Steep Price for Private Security in Iraq,” Washington Post, October 1, 2007.

Porteus, Liza. “ ‘How Do You Like Your Contractor Money?” Foxnews.com, June 30, 2005, available at http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,161261,00.html.

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Price, Jay. “Money Sought For Blackwater Suit,” News and Observer, June 7, 2007, available at http://www.newsobserver.com/nation_world/blackwater/story/594472.html.

Priest, Dana. “Private Guards Repel Attack on U.S. Headquarters,” Washington Post, April 6, 2004.

“Prosecuting Blackwater,” New York Times, November 16, 2007.

Raghavan, Sudarsan. “Tracing the Paths of 5 Who Died in a Storm of Gunfire,” Washington Post, October 4, 2007.

Raghavan, Sudarsan and Josh White. “Blackwater Guards Fired at Fleeing Cars, Soldiers Say: First U.S. Troops on Scene Found No Evidence of Shooting by Iraqis; Incident Called 'Criminal,'” Washington Post, October 12, 2007.

Raghavan, Sudarsan, Joshua Partlow and Karen DeYoung. “Blackwater Faulted In Military Reports From Shooting Scene,” Washington Post, October 5, 2007.

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Related Websites

Amnesty International, Private Military and Security Contractors.  See http://www.amnestyusa.org/War_on_Terror/Private_Military_and_Security_Contractors/page.do?id=1101665&n1=3&n2=26&n3=157  

The Center for Public Integrity, The Windfalls of War.  See http://www.publicintegrity.org/wow/

Global Policy Forum. “State Sovereignty and Private Security Companies” webpage with documents, analyses, articles and links.  Available at: http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/militaryindex.htm

Human Rights Watch, Private Military Contractors and the Law.  See http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/05/05/iraq8547.htm

International Committee of the Red Cross, Privatisation of War section.  See http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/privatisation-war?OpenDocument  

Princeton University Program in Law and Public Affairs.  See http://lapa.princeton.edu/newsdetail.php?ID=17

Private Military Companies.  See http://www.privatemilitary.org/

Sourcewatch.  See http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Private_Military_Corporations

Swiss Initiative on Private Military and Security Companies, see http://www.eda.admin.ch/psc

War on Want, Getting Away with Murder.  See http://www.waronwant.org/Getting%20Away%20With%20Murder+15215.twl  

UN Working Group on the Use of Mercenaries as a Means of Violating Human Rights and Impeding the Exercise of the Right of Peoples to Self-determination.  See http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/mercenaries/index.htm

Other Materials

Business and Human Rights Resources Center. Privatization of Security and Warfare and Impacts on Human Rights.  Notes from a public seminar co-hosted by the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre and the United National Working Group, Geneva, March 21, 2007.  Available at: http://www.business-humanrights.org/Links/Repository/902047

Business and Human Resource Center. Dialogue on Private Military and Security Companies and Human Rights. Notes from meeting held at the Business and Human Rights Resource Centre, London, May 8, 2007.  Available at: http://www.business-humanrights.org/Search/SearchResults?SearchableText=dialogue+on+private+military+and+security+companies+and+human+rights

"Should the Activities of Private Military Companies Be Transparent?”
Sandline International. September 1998.

Spicer, Tim. “Private Military Companies: Independent or Regulated?” Sandline
International. March 1998.

 United Kingdom. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Private Military Companies: Options for Regulation. February 2002.  Available at: http://www.fco.gov.uk/Files/kfile/mercenaries,0.pdf  

United Kingdom. Ministry of Defence. Delivering Security in a Changing World.  Defence White Paper presented to Parliament, December 2003.  Available at: http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/051AF365-0A97-4550-99C0-4D87D7C95DED/0/cm6041I_whitepaper2003.pdf